Coming Out of Drought

As we watch the skies for autumn rain and hopefully the kickstart of another winter season, there’s no question that many farmers are faced with important decisions around input costs and risk.  This blog speaks directly to the efficiency of your existing soil nutrition program, to offer another layer of knowledge to helping with some of those risks and provide a couple of options to better understanding your soils.

Soil Biology – and its importance coming out of a drought

Perhaps one of the biggest challenges with soil management is that the soil’s important parts aren’t just physical, they’re also biological.  For most biological components, you can’t see them without a microscope, which is pretty much why – in discussions with many farmers at field days especially – we refer to it as the ‘soil microbiology’ and make repeated reference to the ‘soil microbiome’.

The soil microbiome is a ‘sphere’ of the soil, the top soil layers where plant roots mostly reside.  It includes biology critical to the plant soil relationship and involves microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and protozoa. These living things collectively play a key role in breaking down and cycling nutrients (changing their form) making them ready for plant uptake as well as building resilience in the soil to withstand periods of stress.  Healthy soils require healthy soil biology.  It’s not just direct biological benefits though, as respiring microorganisms that use and exchange oxygen around the microbiome are a major contributor to improving soil structure as well.

Every farmer knows that when they apply granular fertilisers, those nutrients need to be broken down before they are absorbed by the plant roots.  There is also general acceptance that ‘the microbes’ break it all down, though there is mixed understanding around what affects the rate or efficiency of that breakdown, or how healthy soils provide a kick start to emerging seedlings to grab hold of available moisture as soon as they can.

Your Soil is a Factory

The way to think about it, is as a system.  At its simplest form, for instance, we know sugarcane can be turned into rum, or barley into beer.  But we’re also smart enough to know that there are a stack of things that happen in that process, in that ‘factory of change’, that we’ve never really bothered to understand as it’s someone else’s job.

But soil management is different.  It is your job.  And your most important job.  Get it right, and it works for you while you sleep.  Limit it, and your yield will also be limited.

So – consider for a moment – what if, all this time, you’ve been asking the wrong question?

Instead of searching for the perfect fertiliser – synthetic, granular or otherwise, what if your most limiting factor, the most important question all along, is: ‘what is missing in my soil’s biology’?

And more than that, what might be the biggest limiting factor with my biology coming out of an extended dry spell or drought?

Where is my soil factory lacking the right bits?

What’s at risk?

Let’s look at a few reasons why the question is a fundamental part of being a food and fibre producer, how the soil microbiome drives ultimate soil productivity, regardless of the quantity, efficiency, or quality of your fertiliser.

1. Nutrient Cycling

Drought pretty much always disrupts the normal cycling of nutrients in soils.  A robust soil microbiome can quickly recommence the decomposition of organic matter and carry out mineralisation and other processes.  In mineralisation, it’s microorganisms that break down synthetic fertiliser components into forms that plants are able to absorb. For example, urea is converted by urease-producing bacteria into ammonium ions, which are then available for plant uptake.  The question is, do you have the right biology balance to best support that urease-producing bacteria?

2.  Soil Structure and Water Retention

A healthy microbiome contributes to soil structure by forming aggregates, improving water infiltration and retention. This is crucial after a drought, as improved soil structure helps the soil hold more water and reduces erosion.  But if your current soil biology is lacking, so too is your structure.

3.  Symbiotic Relationships

Mycorrhizal fungi, a critical component of the soil microbiome, form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, increasing their surface area and enhancing water and nutrient uptake, vital after a drought when roots are stressed.  But mycorrhizae need sugars to be able to fully develop – usually via the plant.  How can we kick start mycorrhizal activity?

So where do biostimulants come in to support your natural soil processes?

A biostimulant is a product that stimulates those ‘processing stages’ of the factory in your soil, giving life to all the things you can’t see, boosting their health, kick-starting normal biological functions.

  • The Right Fuel for the Factory

Converte’s products comprise not only perfectly balanced levels of trace elements and macronutrients to support soil biological functions, but also food sources to enable naturally occurring microbes in your soil to flourish.  Lift the lid on the container and smell the molasses.  That’s sugar for energy for bacteria.  There are also other components that are critical to the development of your natural enzymes so important for nutrient cycling.

  • Growth Promotion

Converte biostimulants comprise plant hormones or their precursors like humic acids, fulvic acids, and seaweed extracts that act as a catalyst for the breakdown of synthetic fertilisers.

  • Stress Tolerance

Converte biostimulants enhance the soil biological processes that support an increase in plant resilience to stress conditions that are so common post-drought, such as osmoregulation and antioxidant activity.

  • Microbial Activity

Converte biostimulants boost the microenvironment that allows soil microbial population to grow.

What are your options?

First and foremost, in all likelihood you already understand a lot about your soil.  You know that certain parts of your property, certain parts of a paddock, have always performed better than others, either evidenced by eye, or backed up by the yield map.  But maybe in some cases, you don’t really understand why.

Maybe you’ve done your soil tests and found little variability in chemical and physical properties of the soil.  And maybe you’re still scratching your head.

The fundamental is this.  Your soils were once biologically very healthy, very much in balance with the plant growth it supported.  And over time, synthetic fertilisers were added with amazing results, addressing phosphorus deficiency and boosting yield.

At the same time though, those biological components of the soil that hate synthetic fertilisers and the highly concentrated additives, like tear gas to a human, become diminished in number.  And the soil system, the processing factory underground, became largely inefficient and depleted and to get your way around the inefficiency, even more external fertilisers were added, killing off more biology in the process.

Your option is to trial a couple of strips in your paddock adding components that directly speak to those natural biological processes.  And commit to a couple of years, because in year 1, your soils will be better, but definitely still recovering.

But don’t stop there, also try a few strips of your paddock with less synthetic fertiliser plus the biostimulants and see if the yield results are different.  Focus on the gross margin of that strip instead of just the yield.  We have customers who have done exactly that, now after a couple of years, growing crops at fertiliser rates as low as 40% of what they once were, plus the addition of the biostimulant, and miles in front financially.

You have to work out what works for your soil.  If you speak to someone whose livelihood depends on selling fertiliser to you, don’t expect them to support you using less.  But have a crack for yourself and see if the enormous natural potential of your soil might be re-invigorated.  If it works for you, you will not only be using less synthetic, you’ll be needing less of our product too as the natural processes in the soil will take over.

We have universal soil applied products like Plantfood, products dedicated to low carbon soils like BioRestore, seed coatings to kick start seedling development like Seed Primer and ReNue – our product designed to address deficiencies during the growing season and applied as a foliar.

There has to be a better option.  Reclaiming your soil’s original, natural potential, regenerating its natural features, is the key to lower input farming.  Applying products that speak the same language as those features is a really good thing to consider.

Reach out to me direct if you have any questions!

Scott
Scott Glyde (BSc.Agr., GDCE, PhD)
Director of Agribusiness
Converte Pty Ltd
M: 0427517279

Trace Elements and Nutrient Efficiency: Is Your Fertiliser Program Working Hard Enough?

Are you really getting the most out of your fertiliser program? If you’ve noticed variation between paddocks or farms—even when the fertiliser strategy is the same—it might be time to dig a little deeper.

In my last post we explored the role of trace elements in plant growth and the risks associated with ignoring micronutrients. One key concept we touched on was Liebig’s Law of the Minimum—that plant yield is ultimately limited by the most deficient nutrient, no matter how much of everything else is available.

Think of your soil like a wooden barrel. Each stave represents a nutrient. No matter how tall most of the staves are, the shortest one (say, zinc) determines how much water—or yield—the barrel can actually hold.

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So, How Important Are Trace Elements?

Very. Especially when it comes to nutrient uptake and overall plant resilience—regardless of whether you’re facing a drought or a perfect season.          Trace elements may only be needed in small amounts, but they punch well above their weight when it comes to:

🔬 Enzymatic Reactions

Elements like Manganese and Zinc act as enzyme cofactors, driving nitrogen and carbon cycling in soil.

🌱 Nitrogen Fixation

       Iron and Molybdenum are critical for nitrogenase, the enzyme that helps legume bacteria fix nitrogen—without it, your legumes are flying                   blind.

🌾 Soil Microbial Activity

Elements such as Zinc, Boron, and Copper support diverse soil microbial life, which is essential for breaking down organic matter and making           nutrients plant-available.

🔗 Phosphorus Availability

       Iron and Zinc help unlock phosphorus bound in organic material through enzyme support.  In short, if your trace elements are out of balance,              your NPK may not be doing what you think it is.

So, What Can You Do About It?

Sure, you can run multiple soil tests and create a highly prescriptive program—which might still fall short. Or, you can simplify your approach with Converte’s range of biologically active, trace-enhanced products.

Our products are designed to complement your existing fertiliser program, not replace it. Think of them as enhancers that help unlock what’s already in your soil, while feeding the microbial communities that drive nutrient cycling.

We also make it easy to understand what you’re using. There’s no mystery—we publish the typical analysis of every product. And with ingredients like fulvic acid and humates, you’re not just fertilising—you’re rejuvenating your soil biology.

Healthy Microbes = Healthy Soil = Healthy Plants

There’s a lot of buzz about adding external microbes to your soil—but our philosophy is to feed the ones you already have. Stimulate what’s there, get your soil biology humming again, and let nature do what it’s always done best.

A healthy microbial system processes nutrients more efficiently, making them readily available to your plants. And that means your plants are more resilient, your yields more consistent, and your input costs potentially reduced.

Start Small: Try Seed Primer

If you’re curious but cautious, Seed Primer is a smart first step. When a seed germinates into a rhizosphere rich in micronutrients, the results are often clear.

✅  Seedlings with better root and shoot growth by six weeks   

✅  Higher leaf area density   

✅  Early evidence of soil limitations and product effectiveness

At just $32/tonne (5L treats 10 tonnes of seed), it’s an affordable way to run some strip trials and compare results.

Here’s an example from non-wetting soils in WA last year—treated plants showed significantly improved growth over untreated ones just six weeks post-emergence.

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Other Product Options & Costs (Retail, inc. GST in 1000 litre volumes):

  • Bio Restore (pre-sowing): $14/ha
  • Seed Primer (on-seed): $32/t
  • Plant Food (6 weeks post): $7/ha
  • ReNUE (mid-season foliar boost): $4.50/ha

👉 All tank-mix compatible with herbicides and other inputs

Ready to Rethink Fertiliser Efficiency?

If you’ve been relying heavily on NPK and ignoring trace elements, there’s a good chance you’re seeing:

  • Reduced nutrient efficiency
  • Poor microbial activity
  • Plants more susceptible to stress
  • Lower-than-expected yields

Our aim is to help you use less fertiliser while getting more from your soil. Some of our customers have cut NPK use by 10–20% while maintaining or even improving yield. And it all started with a simple product trial.

Let’s Chat About Your Soil

Still reading? Then maybe it’s time to explore a better way forward.

📩 Send me an email
Whether you want to run a small trial, tweak your current program, or overhaul your approach completely—I’m here to help you get more from the ground beneath your boots.

scott.glyde@converte.com.au

Scott Glyde – Converte Director of Agribusiness 

Unlocking the Potential of Crop Residues with Stubble Digester Liquid Concentrates

The use of scientifically formulated ‘stubble digests’ are providing an opportunity to revolutionise the management of post harvest stubble, bringing tangible benefits to soil health, nutrient cycling, and overall crop productivity.

‘Excelerate Stubble Digest’ is showing promising for breaking down stubble residues while enhancing soil microbial health.

“Feedback from our farmers is that this product is providing them with two main benefits. Firstly, their stubble load is decreasing and the second is the incorporation of the organic matter back into the soil, boosting nutrient availability and water retention for the next cycle” said John Ridley, Managing Director for Converte. 

 

Here are the main reasons why farmers might incorporate stubble digest products into their management. 

1. Reducing Stubble Load

Traditional stubble management often has significant environmental downsides and higher input costs. 

Stubble Digest changes the game by providing a unique product blend of fulvic and amino acids, enzymes, and essential nutrients that maximises the effectiveness of soil microbes to accelerate the breakdown of crop residues.

 

2. Nutrient Release and Recycling from Crop Residues

One of the primary advantages of using Excelerate Stubble Digest is the enhanced nutrient cycling that occurs once carbon in the stubble is broken down.

As soil microbial activity is boosted in response to application, the breakdown of stubble leads to a further release of a range of other plant available nutrients ready for next year’s crop.

This entire nutrient cycling process enriches the soil profile, reducing the amount of need for additional fertilisers needed in the following season, and ultimately lowering costs of production.

3. Enhancing Soil Organic Matter and Structure

Building organic matter is essential for long-term soil fertility. 

As crop residues break down,  the pool of organic material within the soil is also built up. Excelerate Stubble Digest offers the opportunity to  ensure that this build up is optimised, enhancing soil aeration and providing a continuing food source for microbes to remain active over summer and deep into the autumn.soil conditioner

4. Increasing Water Holding Capacity

Meanwhile, the ability of soil to retain moisture is directly linked to its organic content. Soil treated with liquid concentrate-enriched residues benefits from a boost in water retention, making it better equipped to withstand drought conditions and be more resilient under stress. 

The organic compounds in Excelerate Stubble Digest  support the formation of soil aggregates, which act like sponges, holding water and releasing it slowly to plants. 

  1. Stimulating Soil Microbial Activity

Excelerate Stubble Digest is all about the soil microbes and creating an environment that boosts their activity in digesting plant residues. 

By nourishing these microorganisms, the soil’s microbial ecosystem thrives, which enhances nutrient cycling and makes nutrients more readily available to plants.

 

The Science Behind the Formulation

Excelerate Stubble Digest is a  scientifically formulated liquid concentrate carefully designed to address the challenges of stubble management and soil health. By combining fulvic and amino acids, macro and micronutrients, plant enzymes, and carbohydrates, the super concentrate not only breaks down stubble but also acts as a soil conditioner, unlocking a new level of soil health and productivity for farmers.

Excelerate Stubble Digest offers an efficient, environmentally responsible solution that allows farmers to manage stubble, improve soil structure, and boost nutrient and water availability—all critical factors for sustainable and profitable farming.

For more information about Excelerate Stubble Digest, visit https://www.converte.com.au/product/stubble-digest/ or call Converte on 1800 108 940

Bio-Agri Inputs: Supporting Fertiliser Efficiency, Supply Chain Resilience and Net Zero Agriculture

The Australian Federal Government recently announced grant awards as part of its $1.5 billion Modern Manufacturing Strategy. These grants were set up to help Australian businesses build or scale their capabilities towards a supply chain vulnerability for agricultural production chemicals.  Phase 1 awards were announced earlier this month and were aimed at offering 27 projects a share of $33 Million Dollars, in which one of the recipients was Bio-Fertiliser company Converte.

Converte products were designed some 20 years ago in WA for local farmers.  The grant recognised the role of Converte’s products in relation to fertiliser efficiency of applied and in ground Phosphorus.  The grant application included submitting extensive research with independent scientists behind the increases in enzymes associated with the availability and cycling of NPK nutrients.  Additional data was obtained from Converte customers who have been able to gradually pair back chemical fertiliser inputs without impacting yield all while improving soil biological health and function.

Integrating bio-agri products into the farm inputs program brings a wide range of benefits and improving the efficiency of applied chemical inputs is now a critical driver for building supply chain resilience.  This factor alone is supporting a local industry for biological products that is growing rapidly to meet demand.  Converte have spent more than a decade building a solid scientific basis for their product offering and can provide its customers with solid independent data backing the product claims. 

Nutrient availability is a complex biological process rather than a simple chemical one.  The key to unlocking in soil minerals is feeding the soil biology and Converte’s Plantfood has consistently shown a 50-120% increase in soil biology on single applications of only 250ml to the hectare.  Soil biology supports the farm operation on three important levels:  

1. Increasing nutrient availability and cycling. 

2. Improving soil structure and function; and 

3. Supporting plant health and resilience.  

Once soil biological activity is supported the farmer is saving money based on higher nutrient efficiencies and building soils that will function better and retain more moisture.   With this foundation the plants access more essential nutrients and are both healthier and more resilient to abiotic and biotic stresses.  

As part of the transition to low carbon farming this approach helps to manage the impacts of a variable climate and the associated stresses and also drives down the carbon cost of agriculture.   Converte’s Managing Director John Ridley is confident that “30% of the carbon cost of inputs can be eliminated in 3 years”, which is a major step forward in the transition towards net zero.

The Corbet Family Farm – Case Study 

Farmer Andrew Corbet has been using Converte products now for more than 5 years in a broadacre cropping operation on 3000 acres.  He has over this time gradually reduced his fertiliser inputs and seen significant improvements in soil structure, soil moisture retention, plant health and resilience.  The extra plant health and resilience is expressed in many ways, but the most common observations are improved frost protection and minimal or no impact from rust infestations in wheat.  This extra resilience means yields are sustained and the biological inputs pay for themselves several times over. 

The extra moisture is easily measured against control areas and typical readings are 10-20% greater soil moisture.   This is attributed to the extra bacterial and fungal growth in the soil, and more worms that help to open up the soil pore spaces and allow for greater moisture absorption.  As a consequence, the crop is better protected through dry periods and the growing cycle can be extended by an extra week or two.

In October 2021 Andrew sent through these pictures of his wheat and barley crops.  

Sunlamb Grazing Wheat – Treated with Converte Bio-Restore Liquid Carbon  

Spartacus Barley – Treated with Converte Plantfood, MAP reduced to 60Kg and No Urea

Combining biological and conventional inputs has been a success story for this farming operation.   Andrew says “ the biological inputs are easy to handle and can be mixed with other inputs to save on time and money.  I enjoy farming more now that I can see the health benefits flowing through from the soil into plants and stock.  With the high costs and shortages of conventional fertilizer I will continue to integrate more biological inputs into my cropping program”.

Why it’s time to think about Soil Carbon

So, what is soil carbon, and why is it so important?

Through photosynthesis carbon is removed from the atmosphere by plants, which convert carbon dioxide into plant material.  What the plant doesn’t need for growth is exuded via the roots to feed soil microorganisms.  Carbon is the main component of soil organic matter which helps soils to harness and transfer nutrients and retain moisture.  Some soil carbon within soil aggregates is more stable whereas more “active” soil carbon resides in topsoil and is in continual flux between its microbial hosts and the atmosphere.

Fungi, particularly mycorrhizal fungi play an important role in the exchange of carbon between plants and soil.  Fungi take up organic nitrogen on behalf of the plant, out-competing bacteria that decompose organic matter and release carbon.  Having the right abundance and balance of soil microorganisms or soil biology is therefore an important catalyst for improved carbon sequestration or storage. 

Farming practises have a significant bearing on the soil biological community and the ability of soils to sequester carbon.  Examples include, minimum and conservation tillage, reduced chemical applications, cover crops, crop and stock rotations, avoided over grazing, enhanced biodiversity, use of biological farming inputs and integrated cropping. 

All of these practises will directly impact the length of time carbon is stored away from the atmosphere.  This is important as carbon is central to resilient farming systems, for drought and future proofing our farming operations and understanding the natural capital value of our farmland.  

In the years ahead managing carbon will be good for business, a point of differentiation with customers and financiers and a direct addition to the farms bottom-line through direct carbon schemes, natural capital / biodiversity credits and sustained yields from more resilient farms less vulnerable to extreme weather events, biotic and abiotic stresses.  

Converte’s Managing Director believes that the priority around soil carbon is firstly about climate adaption and resilience and from this the other benefits will flow. 

Regenerative Agriculture Feature – Soil Health and Fertiliser Efficiency

The idea of regenerative agriculture can seem too big, confusing and it’s just hard to know where you start on this journey.

After more than 10 years investigating this topic and a recently completed PhD on our products, Converte are well placed to assist farmers on the first steps towards a regenerative future.  Converte have taken a deep dive into soil biological data looking at the changes in DNA in the soil in response to their biological inputs, including seed, soil and foliar Bio-Agri inputs.  The results have been impressive, and the change is rapid and measurable. 

Firstly, it’s important to understand that soil biology is there no matter what your soil type or condition.  As a farmer you have the power to feed and nurture the soil biology.  Too much chemical inputs and the biology will reduce in numbers and diversity.   We use the power of biology to drive the performance of chemistry. 

The biology plays a crucial role in the structure of soils.  This will influence the ability of the soil to hold moisture, cycle nutrients and cope with extreme weather stresses such as wind erosion and heavy rainfall.  In a healthy soil with optimal soil biology the communication lines between soil and plant are fully operational.  Soil nutrients are transferred to the plant and in exchange plant sugars are sent to the roots zone feeding the soil biology. 

Once the soil-plant relationship is optimised the plant has access to nutrients and enzymes that build strong healthy plants.   The strength of the plant can be measured physically in terms of stem and leaf size, colour, brix for nutrients in the sap, and susceptibility to stresses such as insect pests, heat and frost stress.  Following this regenerative path, it is possible to see visual changes in plant health in one season and the results build year on year.  Species diversity adds further protection as monoculture planting systems by their very nature are more vulnerable than multi species planting.  It is also known that different plant exudates, (sugars feeding the soil biology) feed different groups of bacteria and fungi, so diversity above ground, supports bio-diversity below ground.  

As the soil function improves so does the efficiency of applied inputs.  At the same time loss of applied nutrients to evaporation or run-off is also reduced.  So, it is possible to gradually reduce fertiliser and chemical inputs. For example, a farmer used to applying 90Kg / ha MAP can gradually come down to 60Kg.  Rapid changes are not recommended in any farming system so 10% reductions in fertiliser and chemicals per year are a guide, whilst adding to your program biological inputs like Converte Plantfood that promote soil health and function.  

This is where Converte can help and their bio-agri products are backed by consistent data and independent science.  Our regenerative product line includes 

Seed Primer – nutrient rich seed primer, for enhanced germination, early vigor and root development;

Plantfood – for soil health, biological function and feeding plants via the soil, building plant health and resilience;

Foliar for direct leaf application of nutrient rich inputs

Bio-Restore Liquid Carbon – for restoring compacted soils, former mine sites and for inclusion in soil carbon projects

In terms of future farming security, practices and inputs that promote a healthier soil biology will support more resilient farming systems.  The farmers that take this advice on board will be better equipped to improve their land for long-term sustainable food production. 

Soil Tests Can Help Drive Fertiliser Efficiency as Prices Skyrocket

Fertilizer costs are at 12 year high and supply shortages are impacting farmers across the country.  Now is the time to take advantage of soil testing to ensure that soils are optimally balanced to maximise nutrient availability and cycling.  A good soil chemistry test is really worth its weight in gold and can guide soil and fertiliser management for the year ahead.

Soil balancing is necessary to improve soil performance and efficiency and regular soil testing is recommended. Converte use a random sampling methodology sourcing 12-16 points in a paddock area of 5-10 ha, to a depth of 20cm and mixing the soil to provide a composite sample.  Provided you pick a representative area of the paddock this technique works well.

Converte send soil samples to independent laboratories for a range of chemical parameters under an Albrecht / Reams soil balancing test. The focus is primarily on addressing key imbalances that could potentially impact nutrient/fertiliser efficiency.

Our first focus on a soil test is the Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) and Calcium: Magnesium balance.  This has a huge bearing on soil health, ability to hold water and to transfer nutrients to the plant.  The CEC is a measure of the soils ability to hold and transfer nutrients and in a well-balanced soil this will be around 12.

In a balanced soil the Calcium percentage should be 60-70% and Magnesium 10-20%.  Too much calcium and your soil will become too loose and lose moisture. High rates of magnesium cause the soil to become too tight and won’t allow moisture to penetrate.  If the balance is right the pH will be around 6 to 6.5.  Improving the Ca: Mg balance requires careful consideration with your agronomist, liming at high rates can choke the soil and sandy soils may need a dolomite limestone to add additional magnesium.  Take care with this decision as it is critical to your soil’s potential for optimal performance.

Second on the soil test for us is Phosphorus (P) and we like to know the plant available P and the total P.  We often encounter farms with several years of in ground phosphorus and this can be gradually released by improving soil balance and biological function.  This will affect how much P you apply in the form of super phosphate or softer rock phosphate and can lead to considerable savings.

Thirdly we look at the trace elements and in particular Boron, Zinc, Copper and Manganese.  Traces play important roles in plant health and function with deficiencies impacting both quality of crops and total yield.

Finally, the Soil organic matter is the engine room of the soil that keeps the system functioning with nutrients flowing.   Ideally, we want soils with 3-4% organic matter or more, but if we are managing soils with 2% or less, then adding some additional organic matter (if economical) is well worth considering.

Once balanced, soil has an active biological component and soil biology can access far more nutrients than any farmer could ever add.  Soil contains an extensive army of microbiology ready to provide nature’s free services, including water and nutrient management. To get the most from soil biology, it requires protecting with appropriate cover and feeding.  No till farming with year-round cover cropping is one means of protecting soil biology and building soil carbon.  However, any farming system needs to be balanced with appropriate fertiliser and chemical input.  High chemical inputs will result in sub optimum soil biology.   In the end it’s all about balance.  

For more information www.converte.com.au